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	Micro Calorimeter

Micro Calorimeter

Micro-Calorimetry The Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter (PCFC)
Fire Testing Technology Ltd (FTT) are pleased to announce the introduction of the PCFC into its range of reaction to fire calorimeters. The FTT Micro-calorimeter has been developed in co-operation with the Federal Aviation Authority with full licenses for use of FAA Patented technology and a unit based on the FAA model is already available from FTT or any of our agents. Future developments are underway including a multiple sample system, which would typically allow 50 to 60 samples a day to be analysed. The technique, developed by Lyon, Walters and co-workers at the Federal Aviation Authority laboratories enables parameters such as Specific Heat Release Rate (W/g), Heat of Combustion (J/g) and Ignition Temperature (°K) to be quickly determined from very small (1-50mg) specimens. The PCFC is a low cost technique and is supplied with a Microsoft Windows based data acquisition and analysis software user interface with push button actions and standard Windows data entry fields, drop down selectors, check boxes and switches capable of:- i) Showing the status of the instrument ii) Calibrating the instrument and storage of calibration results iii) Collecting data generated during a test iv) Calculating the required parameters v) Presenting the results in a manner approved by the Standards	Figure 1:HRR in PCFC tests
PCFC data has been shown to correlate with fire test data (Cone Calorimeter, OSU), flammability results (LOI, UL-94) and combustion tests (Bomb Calorimeter) and as such is seen as a powerful, low cost tool to assess and predict flammability properties. The PCFC technique utilizes traditional oxygen depletion calorimetry. The specimen is first heated at a constant rate of temperature rise (typically 1-5 K/s) in a pyrolyser and the degradation products are swept from the pyrolyser by an inert gas. The gas stream is mixed with oxygen and enters a combustor at 900 C where the decomposition products are completely oxidized. Oxygen concentrations and flow rates of the combustion gases are used to determine the oxygen depletion involved in the combustion process and the heat release rates are determined from these measurements. Figure 1 shows the heat release rate data generated in a test where the heating rate was set at 1 K/s. The ignition temperature of the materials can be readily derived from this data. The parameter Heat Release Capacity which is derived from this data and is used extensively by Lyon et al to compare PCFC data with that of other test methods. It is defined as HRR/heating rate. Lyon and Walters have examined many materials using the PCFC and other flammability test methods and found that they have seen good correlation between the PCFC data and that generated in other tests.
Figure 2:	Cone Calorimeter
Figure 2 shows that the peak heat release rates determined in cone calorimeter experiment correlate well with peak heat release capacity data from the PCFC experiments. This is an important correlation as heat release is accepted as being the key parameter in assessing fire hazard as it defines the size of the fire and all fire development rates and most combustion product generation rates are related to it. Product calorimeters and bench scale calorimeters need much bigger specimens, longer set up and test times to determine heat release rates, than the PCFC does so the latter is thought to have enormous potential for low cost screening for material fire properties.
Figure 3: LOI correlates with HRC in PCFC	Oxygen Index
Figure 3 shows that the Limiting Oxygen Index also has a reciprocal correlation with Heat Release Capacity whilst Figure 4 shows that the UL94 rating is also indicated from the Heat Release Capacity.
Figure 4: UL Rating is predicted from the HRC measured in the PCFC	UL 94
The UL 94 and the LOI are the two tests that have traditionally been used by the plastics industry to define flammability or resistance to ignition by flames. Three ranges of materials flammability are typically identified and can be determined by comparing HRC with results from the standard UL94 flammability tests and LOI. These are: • Materials with a Heat Release Capacity above 400 J/g-K will continue to burn after exposure to the UL94 (Bunsen) flame (figure 4). The materials commonly show LOI values of less than 21 (figure 3). Material in this grouping are not used for electrical applications, consumer electronics or public transport applications in the USA • Materials with Heat Release Capacities between 200 and 400 J/g-K burn slowly or not at all when exposed to the small flames as indicated by UL94 v ratings and LOI above 21. These materials are typically used for electrical applications, consumer electronics or public transport applications in the USA but are not used for commercial aircraft interiors • Materials with Heat Release Capacities below 200 J/g-K do not ignite after brief exposure to small flames (UL94) and have LOI > 35. These usually pass the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) requirements for fire and flammability of materials used in commercial aircraft cabins. The FTT Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter (PCDC) has been developed in co-operation with the Federal Aviation Authority and FTT have full licenses for use of FAA Patented technology. The unit based on the FAA model is currently available from FTT or any of our agents. Future developments are underway. Features of the current FTT unit include: - Ability to generate quantitative results in minutes - Automatic control of temperatures and gas flow rates - Anaerobic or aerobic pyrolysis - Temperature range: 25 to 1000°C - Heating rate: 6 to 300°C/min - Sample size: 0.5 to 50 mg - Detection limit: 5 mW - Repeatability: ± 5% (1 mg sample)

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